FAMILY MEDICINAL PLANTS (TOGA) IN TANAP VILLAGE SANGGAU REGENCY AND THEIR UTILIZATION BY THE DAYAK MUARA ETHNIC FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS

Medicinal plants are used for various kinds of health care, one of which is to treat problems in the digestive system. This research aimed to analyze the utilization of family medicinal plants (TOGA) by the ethnic of Dayak Muara in Tanap village in handling digestive system disorders. This study was conducted by survey method with a purposive sampling technique. This research was initiated by conducting interviews with the people of Tanap village who came from the Dayak Muara, then continued with identifying the medicinal plants mentioned. The data obtained were then analyzed with an ethnobotanical index in the form of Use Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and Fidelity Level (FL). The Dayak Muara ethnic in Tanap Village uses 22 species of TOGA to handle digestive system disorders. The highest families used were Zingiberaceae and Amaryllidaceae. The dominant plant parts used, processing method, administration method, and remedies form for the handling of digestive system disorders are leaves (36%), boiled processing (43%), drinking (44%), and single herb form (67%). Plants with high use value (UV=1) are jambu biji (Psidium guajava) and kunyit (Curcuma longa). The digestive system disorder categories with the highest ICF included sprue (1), nausea and vomiting (0.98), intestinal worms, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and constipation (0.97). Plant that had the highest FL value (100%) included cocor bebek (Bryophyllum pinnatum), patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli), and putri malu (Mimosa pudica) for the treatment of toothache. Entawak (Artocarpus anisophyllus) for stomachache, pinang (Areca catechu) for constipation, lidah buaya (Aloe vera) for hemorrhoids, and sawo (Manilkara zapota) for stomachache.


INTRODUCTION
Sanggau Regency is part of the province of West Kalimantan with very diverse societal characteristics. One form of community pluralism that can be seen is the variety of ethnics or sub-ethnics that exist, such as the Dayak ethnic with its sub-ethnics such as the Iban Dayak, Kanayant, Bukat, Daro' (Yusro et al., 2014), Paus (Pradita et al., 2021), and Muara . Each Dayak sub-ethnic has its language, culture, and local wisdom. One of the local wisdom they have is using medicinal plants.
Medicinal plants for the Dayak people are an essential part of their lives. It can be seen from several reports that show that the Dayak sub-ethnics, who are still living close to nature, have been using plants to maintain the health of their people for generations, such as the Dayak ethnics of Bukat and Daro' (Yusro et al., 2014), Desa' , Iban , Paus (Pradita et al., 2021), Kanayant (Sari et al., 2021), Kantuk (Liliyanti et al., 2021), Muara , and Mahap (Maharani et al., 2021). Some of the plants used by the community come from nature that grows wild or have been cultivated, such as family medicinal plants (TOGA).
Several problems with the digestive system are disorders that occur from the mouth to the anus. These disorders are mouth sores, gastritis, excessive gas discharge, toothache, constipation, stomach pain, hemorrhoids, pain in the mouth, and diarrhea (Tangjitman et al., 2015). In 2019, diarrhea was the highest prevalence (6.8%) (Balitbangkes RI, 2019).
Many people in West Kalimantan have handled digestive system disorders using medicinal plants, such as 21 plant species used by the Dayak Iban in Kapuas Hulu  and 25 plant species used by the community in Bunut Village Sanggau (Ningsih et al., 2020). In Sanggau Regency, many areas have not been studied regarding the plant's utilization to treat digestive system disorders, one of which is in Tanap Village.
Previous research has shown that the Tanap villagers, predominantly from the Dayak Muara ethnic, are aware of medicinal plants (32 species), especially for the care of babies and postpartum mothers . Nevertheless, their knowledge of using family medicinal plants or TOGA to treat digestive system disorders has not been

Time and Research Site
The research was conducted in April 2021. The research site was Tanap village Sanggau regency (Figure 1).

Equipments and Materials
The equipment used questionnaires, voice recorders, and cameras. The materials were all TOGA's plants used by the Tanap village community especially Dayak Muara for the treatment of digestive system disorders.

Research Subject
The subject of this research is Dayak Muara ethnic community in Tanap village Sanggau regency.

Data analysis and interpretation
The data obtained then analyzed with an ethnobotanical index (Tangjitman et al., 2015) in the form of use-values (UV), informant consensus factor (ICF), and fidelity level (FL).

The plant's species of family medicinal plants (TOGA) and their use value (UV)
People in Tanap village still use TOGA to treat digestive system disorders.  , but lower than in other areas in Sanggau Regency, such as in Bunut village, which uses 25 plant species (Ningsih et al., 2020).
The community of Tanap village uses kunyit (C. longa) as medicine for gastritis, stomachaches, and flatulence. This plant contains curcumin and curcuminoid compounds and has several biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antifungal (Yuan Shan & Iskandar, 2018). Alang-alang (I. cylindrica) to treat sprue and intestinal worms. This plant contains polyphenolic compounds and acts as an antioxidant to lower blood pressure (Dhianawaty & Ruslin, 2014). Jahe (Z. officinale) is used to remedy nausea, vomiting, and constipation. This plant contains gingerol and shogaol compounds (Srikandi et al., 2020) and functions in treating heart disease, cancer, pain during menstruation, and digestive system disorders (Aryanta, 2019).   (Figure 2). The knowledge of the Dayak Muara has similarities with the communities in Kapuas Hulu especially Dayak Iban  and Sanggau especially Bunut village (Ningsih et al., 2020), where the Zingiberaceae and Amaryllidaceae families are the dominant families for the handling of digestive system disorders. The Zingiberaceae contains extractive compounds such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, and phenols (Irayanti & Putra, 2020). Plants from this family have many properties such as anti-bacterial (Irayanti &Putra, 2020), anti-virus, antioxidant, analgesic, andanti-cancer (Danciu et al., 2015).
The Dayak Muara community in Tanap village dominantly uses leaves (36%) to treat digestive system disorders ( Figure 3A). Mainly they process the plant with boiled (43%) ( Figure 3B) and administer it with drunk method (44%) (Figure 3C). Most herbs are in a single form (67%) (Figure 3D). These results are in line with those used by the communities in Kapuas Hulu especially Dayak Iban  and Sanggau especially Bunut village (Ningsih et al., 2020).
Leaves are abundant; therefore, it is easier for people to use them. In addition, the leaves are known to contain components of bioactive compounds that have many biological effects in medicine (Mariani et al., 2016). Traditionally, people extract the bioactive components of plants for treatment by boiling them with water as a solvent.
This method is considered the simplest and easiest way to do it. Patients can directly use the results of the extraction process by drinking. Drinking the potion is considered an effective way to treat diseases, especially those related to internal organs (Hidayat & Rachmadiyanto, 2017). The ingredients made by the Dayak Muara are generally still in the form of a single herb. It is an easy way in potion application because they no need to use other ingredients or plants as a mixture.

Informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL)
We found that the informants' agreement regarding medicinal plants for treating digestive system disorders ranged from 0.94 -1. The highest value from the ICF indicated an agreement between the informants regarding using certain types of medicinal plants to treat specific disease categories (Tangjitman et al., 2015). Several disease categories with the highest ICF included mouth sores (1), nausea and vomiting (0,98), intestinal worms, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and constipation (0,97) ( Table 2). Figure 3. The Dayak Muara community utilization patterns of TOGA to treat digestive system disorders (A= plant part used; B= processing method; C= application method; D= remedies form) The FL value indicates the most chosen plant to treat a specific disease category (Tangjitman et al., 2015).  (Riyanto & Wariyah, 2012).
M. zapota or sawo reported possessed biological properties such as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic (Islam et al., 2021). The plants used to treat digestive system disorders with high of ICF and FL values need to be explored further, especially related to bioactive components that play an essential role in treating digestive system disorders (Tangjitman et al., 2015).

CONCLUSION
The Dayak Muara community in Tanap

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We acknowledge the Faculty of Forestry of Tanjungpura University which has funded this research, and to all parties such as the Village Head and his staff and all the people who have helped carry out this research activity.