Appraisal Analysis of Characterization of the Main Character in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Novel in Indonesian and English Translation of This Earth of Mankind

The number of Indonesian novels translated into various foreign languages, especially English, requires a deeper study so that illegibility and unacceptableness will not occur in conveying the true meaning in the source language. This study examines the disclosure of the main character in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer which was translated into English This Earth of Mankind using Appraisal theory in Functional Systemic Linguistics (LSF) perspective which includes the culture of the source language in it. The results of the analysis show that there is a shift in appraisal or a shift in the type of appraisal in the depiction of the main character in the novel in the source language (Indonesian) with the depiction of the character in the target language (English) as seen in the change in the choice of expression (words or phrases) in the target language. This can be interpreted that in the world of translation, the choice of equivalent target language words will always change according to acceptance with the culture and norms that apply to the target language.


INTRODUCTION
The use of language is part of the language metafunction system. This language metafunction includes ideational (experience and logic), interpersonal, and textual functions contained in language (Halliday andHasan, 1985/1992;Halliday, 1994;Wiratno, 2018:41). The metafunction of experience expresses the meaning or reality of experience, while the metafunction of logic realizes logical meaning (logico-semantic) which is the logical reality that connects those experiences. Interpersonal metafunction reflects the social reality of a discourse or meaning that is constructed from interparty relationships within it. This interpersonal meaning consists of interactional (which expresses interpersonal interactions) and transactional (which expresses the existence of information and/or goods/ services transactions). Textual metafunction reflects both metafunctions (ideational and interpersonal) into symbols. The linguistic theory developed by Halliday is commonly referred to as Functional Systemic Linguistics (LSF).
Halliday's theory of interpersonal meaning was developed by Martin (2007 & Rose). They both developed interpersonal meaning with a theory based on an assessment he named Appraisal theory. This theory deals with evaluation: the types of attitudes negotiated in the text, the power of feelings involved and the way those values are sourced, as well as how writers and readers are positioned (Martin &Rose, 2007: 25). Appraisal (Apraisal) is used for negotiating social relationships by telling readers about our feelings (or about our attitudes) toward objects or people. Apraisal theory deals with the concept of evaluation defined as a cover board to express the author's attitude or further about the stance or stance, viewpoint, or feeling about a person's trustworthy entity or statement (Hunston and Thompson, 2003:5). In reality, interpersonal meanings are divided into two categories. The first is concerned with the sort of contact taking placethe type of commodity being exchanged. The second is concerned with how speakers take a stance in their remarks (Susanto, 2018).
Research on the attitudes, feelings and judgments of authors or speakers has been conducted within the framework of discourse analysis or critical discourse analysis. Nevertheless, the analysis of such discourse is more done with psychological theory or approach. The use of functional systemic linguistics (LSF) approaches as an alternative to other approaches in critical discourse analysis (CDA) has offered a study tool based on linguistic theory with linguistic evidence that has standard categories that are more appropriate among the language community or language fields. Furthermore, the use of appraisal theory allows as a comprehensive study to evaluate a text or discourse describing construction as a form of contribution from one specific grammatical source or an entire source of grammar (Hood, 2004:14).  states that Discourse Markers (DMs) have typically been restricted since they are seen as items that do not contribute to an utterance's truth-conditional meaning or the syntax and semantics of a sentence.
The appraisal analysis framework consists of three subsystems, namely Attitude, Graduation/amplification, and Engagement/Source of Attitude. Attitudes are related to Affect, Judgement and Appreciation. Affect is related to feelings, including emotional reactions. Assessment is related to behavior. Appreciation is the evaluation / assessment / appreciation of objects (Martin and White, 2005;Martin & Rose, 2007: 26). Engagement or source of Attitudes is related to the Source of Attitude or the origin of the Attitude. Graduation or Amplification is the classification of feelings that are strengthened or obscured by the phenomenon that occurs (Martin and White, 2005: 35). Through this Appraisal theory, one can know the expression of emotions or opinions, or the assessment of everything from the other party of written and speech discourse. With appraisal, one can provide text evaluations from both positive and negative points of view (Martin, 2000;Martin and Rose, 2007;Hood, 2004;Hood and Martin, 2005;Martin and White, 2005).
This research aims to analyze the attitude of the author in describing the main character in the novel Human Earth which is translated into English This Earth of Mankind. In addition, this study also analyzed the categories of Attitude Sources found in the novel. Thus, the analysis of the text was carried out on two categories of appraisal namely Attitude and Source of Attitude. The selection of the two categories is carried out with the view that both aspects can already be used as indicators of the attitudes and feelings and assessment of the author of the main character in the novel. Analysis of the attitude of the author in the novel that will show the form of attitude or feeling, while the source of the attitude will inform the origin of the attitude shown by the author in the text.
Based on the above discussion, research that bases appraisal studies on literary works especially phenomenal novels has not been done. Indeed, the studies conducted above vary the sources analyzed, however, not yet among those who examine using appraisal theory that compares the source language text (SL) with the translation work as text in the target language (TL). In addition, it is also necessary to examine the accuracy of the translator in diverting the message of attitude, feeling and judgment towards the main character in the SL text with the message of attitude, judgment and feeling in the TL.
Research on the literary work of the popular novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer which was translated into English This Earth of Mankind by Maxwell Lane (Australian author) was done because this novel has attracted the attention of many people, namely literary critics, socio-political writers, even lay readers, not only in Indonesia but also in foreign countries. It is evident that the novel has been translated into 33 languages in the world.
This research covers two fields of study at once, namely linguistic research in the field of discourse (discourse analysis) and research in the field of translation science. Appraisal in the translation of Indonesian as the source language (SL) into English as the target language (TL) has not been widely done. In addition, the use of translation studies in appraisal analysis of the novel's literary works will also involve assessing the quality of translation from the aspect of accuracy. That is, the quality of the translation of attitudes, feelings and judgments and how the gradation of the author's attitudes, feelings and judgments in the SL text into the TL text, especially in terms of accuracy needs to be done.

Research objectives
The aim of the study was to compare the characterization of the main character in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novel Bumi Manusia in Indonesian version with the English translation version of This Earth of Mankind by Maxwell Lane to examine the degree of accuracy in the translation of attitudes and their gradations from the source language.
The research questions that must be answered with this study are: 1. How to describe the main character in the novel Bumi Manusia as a source language text (SL) using Appraisal theory? 2. How to describe the main character in the novel This Earth of Mankind as a translated text in English as a target language (TL) using Appraisal theory?

Research Methods
The research design should be relevant to the study problem (Lestari & Susanto, 2017). The research methods used in this research included (1) types of research, (2) time and place of research, (3) data and data sources, (4) snippet techniques, (5) methods and techniques of providing data, (6) methods and techniques of data analysis (7), presentation of data analysis results.

Types of the Research
This research is a qualitative descriptive in the form of discourse analysis with a Functional Systemic Linguistics approach and research in the field of translation by examining the quality of translation, especially aspects of accuracy to the text in the novel Human Earth and This Earth of Mankind. It is classified as qualitative research since it deals with data connected to ideas, and the data analysis use numerical data in tables and pie charts . This research is a qualitative study because it seeks to describe social symptoms or phenomena with sentences in everyday language in addition to using numbers to help explain the social characteristics contained in them (Miles andHuberman, 1994: Sutopo, 2006;Santosa, 2010: 97-107;Moleong, 2012;Creswell, 2013:261).

Time and Place of the Research
The amount of time in qualitative research is unlimited in the sense that its implementation can be at any time. This means that research can be done at any time without any time restrictions. Nevertheless, for administrative purposes, the research is expected to be completed within three (3) months.
The research site must meet the main elements of the research site i.e., the place or setting, actors or participants, events or events (Spradley, 1980;Santosa, 2017). The location of this research is contained in the book of the novel Earth Man which is the text of the source language (SL) and the novel book This Earth of Mankind which is a translation text in English (TL).

Data and Source of Data
These research data are words, phrases or clauses that indicate or represent the attitudes, judgments, and feelings of the author and his or her gradation in the text as a Indonesian as the source language (SL) of the novel Bumi Manusia and the words, phrases or clauses in the text that indicate or represent the attitudes, judgments, and feelings of the author and his or her gradation in translation in English as the target language (TL) in the novel This Earth of Mankind by Maxwell Lane.

Data Sampling
The determination of data samples in this study was done by taking all the data in the form of words, phrases and clauses contained in all the texts scattered throughout the chapters in the novel Bumi Manusia and the novel translation of This Earth of Mankind.

Data Validity
In this study used data triangulations or data sources. Triangulation of this data source is the collection of data from a variety of different sources with different methods. The use of different informants is expected to be required to obtain the necessary information. A research informant is someone who has information about the object of the research (Sugiyono, 2010). Informant is a person who is interviewed or provides information about the ins and outs of the problems needed in the discussion. This discussion was conducted in Focus Group Discussion (FGD) by inviting figures or experts both in the field of literary works, especially novels and experts in the field of linguistics, especially discourse analysis with the approach of Functional Systemic Linguistics (LSF).

Data Analysis
In qualitative research, the next step after the provision of research data, is data analysis. This data analysis can be done while collecting data (Santosa, 2017). Spradely (1980) suggested steps into this type of content analysis research. The content analysis research steps are four, namely domain, taxonomic, componential analysis, and cultural values. The following is a research plot adapted from Spradely (1980).
In addition, analysis of the quality of translation is also carried out especially in the aspect of accuracy by using theories developed by Nababan et al. namely by comparing information or meaning of words, phrases and clauses in the SL text with information or meaning of words, phrases and clauses in the TL text. Translation accuracy is obtained using translation accuracy assessment instruments as shown in the table as follows.

Scale Qualitative Parameters
Accuracy 3 The meaning of the word, technical term, phrase, clause, sentence or text of the source language is accurately transferred into the target language; there is absolutely no distortion of meaning.

Less accurate 2
Most of the meanings of words, technical terms, phrases, clauses, sentences or text of the source language have been accurately transferred into the target language. But there is still a distortion of meaning or translation of double meaning (nota) or there is a meaning that is omitted, which interferes with the wholeness of the message.

Not accurate 1
The meaning of the word, technical term, phrase, clause, sentence or text of the source language is inaccurately transferred into the target language or omitted. (Nababan, et.al., 2012)

Data Analysis Procedure
After the data is collected, identification is carried out in several groups in accordance with existing criteria. Then the data analysis is carried out with the following procedures: a. Domain analysis Domain analysis is done to find out the data structure to be analyzed. In domain analysis, data is sorted according to the type of data as described by experts in qualitative research.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Findings
This research aims to describe the main character in the novel Human Earth as a source language text (SL) using Appraisal theory, to describe the main character in the novel This Earth of Mankind as a translated text in English as a target language (TL) using Appraisal theory. Linguistic data in the form of appraisal Source language is obtained through novel analysis from chapter 1 to chapter 15. Furthermore, continued the classification of appraisal types according to Martin (2007 & Rose). In addition, novel analysis is also done to obtain data on the source language and the target language to be compared to each other. Here are the results of appraisal classification of Source language and Target language: 1. Attitude (SL)

Discussion
Based on appraisal data from the source language and the target language obtained from the novel The Earth of Mankind, it has been calculated into pie diagrams according to the classification of each type of appraisal found. First, affect (attitude) in the source language and target language, namely positive direct emotional state, positive direct physical expression affect, positive implied emotional state affect, positive implied physical expression affect, negative direct emotional state affect, negative direct physical expression affect, negative implied emotional state affect, and negative implied physical expression affect which can be presented as follows: Positive implied physical expression affect 3 5.
Negative direct physical expression affect 4 7.
Negative implied physical expression affect 5   Based on the calculation data above, the positive direct emotional state found in the source language reached the highest percentage of 28% and the lowest in positive direct physical expression affect which is 3%. On the other hand, in the target language there is a decrease in positive direct emotional state, which is 23%, but positive direct physical expression affect is still static. This suggests that in the depiction of a character in the target language there is a shift, as in the clause, "just because it pleases me to believe it" becomes "but because it pleased me, I decided to believe him". The word 'pleasant' falls into the category of positive direct emotional state affect (attitude), but turns passive in the word 'pleased' which belongs to the category attitudinal lexis (graduation).   Negative social esteem 10 3.

Attitude/judgement (TL)
Social sanction 6 esteem judgement, which is 50%, and social sanction to 19%. This suggests that in the depiction of a character in the target language there is a shift, as in the clause, "not yet need to properly show yourself in front of the eyes of others" to "I don't yet really need to reveal who I am before the eyes of others". The word 'right' belongs to the category of positive social esteem judgement (attitude), but changed to 'need' which is included in the category of strong intensifier force (graduation). Negative appreciation 4   Based on the calculation data above, strong intensifiers found in the source language reached the highest percentage of 50% and the lowest of those found in swearing at 5%. On the other hand, in the target language there is a decrease in strong intensifier, which is 49%, but swearing is still static. This suggests that in the portrayal of the character in the target language there is a shift, as in the clause, "outrageous you, Nyo, waited so long. Anne-lies is so sick of you!" becomes "you've gone too far, Nyo, we've been waiting and waiting so long for you. Annelies has fallen very ill longing for you!" The word 'outrageous' falls into the category of swearing (graduation), but changed to the phrase 'you've gone too far' which belongs to the category of strong intensifier force (graduation).

CONCLUSION
This research was conducted with the aim of explaining the results of an analysis of the depiction of figures in the human Earth nover in the source language and the target language entitled The Earth of Mankind. In the findings and discussions it can be concluded that there is an appraisal shift or shift of the type of appraisal in the depiction of the main character in the novel in the source language (Indonesian) with the depiction of the character in the target language (English) as seen in the change in the choice of expressions (words or phrases). in the target language. It can be interpreted that in the world of translation, the choice of the equivalent of the target language will always change in accordance with the faith with the culture and norms that apply to the target language.