Tinjauan atas Relasi Bahasa dan Pikiran serta Implikasinya Terhadap Penerapan Teori Metafora Konseptual / An Overview of the Relationship of Language and Thought and Its Implications for the Application of Conceptual Metaphor Theory
Abstract
Relasi antara bahasa dan pikiran merupakan salah satu topik perdebatan yang panjang dalam sejarah pemikiran. Hipotesis Sapir-Whorf merupakan hipotesis yang menyatakan bahwa bahasa memengaruhi pikiran penuturnya. Hipotesis tersebut memengaruhi perdebatan selanjutnya perihal status keterpengaruhan pikiran oleh bahasa terus diperdebatkan hingga saat ini. Teori Metafora Konseptual, yang diajukan oleh Lakoff dan Johnson, merupakan salah satu teori yang diajukan terkait relasi antara bahasa dan pikiran. Tulisan ini bertujuan memberikan tinjauan atas asumsi-asumsi yang diajukan perihal relasi bahasa dan pikiran dalam sejarah perdebatannya. Tulisan ini juga menelaah asumsi-asumsi tersembunyi dalam berbagai studi tentang metafora secara khusus, serta sains kognitif secara umum. Studi-studi yang dikaji juga merupakan kajian yang menerapkan Teori Metafora Konseptual untuk mengetahui bagaimana penutur data yang dianalisis berpikir. Dari analisis atas sejarah perdebatannya, asumsi yang bahwa pikiran dapat dipengaruhi oleh bahasa merupakan asumsi awal yang diajukan oleh Sapir dan Whorf. Dalam Teori Metafora Konseptual, bahasa dan pikiran diasumsikan saling memengaruhi. Asumsi dalam Teori Metafora Konseptual secara konsisten dipegang oleh penggunanya. Dari hasil tinjauan atas temuan-temuan mutakhir dalam sains kognitif tentang relasi antara persepsi bau dan warna dengan bahasa, asumsi yang tersembunyi dalam studi-studi yang menerapkan Teori Metafora Konseptual bersifat simplifikatif, sebab mengandaikan begitu saja relasi reflektif bahasa atas pikiran. Implikasi temuan-temuan sains kognitif tersebut adalah munculnya kebutuhan dalam studi metafora untuk tidak hanya menelaah data-data kebahasaan, namun juga melibatkan data-data dan temuan-temuan dari bidang-bidang lain dalam sains kognitif.
The relationship between language and thought has been long debated in the history of thought. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a hypothesis stating that language affects the minds of its speakers. This hypothesis causes further debates to date regarding the influence of the language towards mind. Conceptual Metaphor Theory, proposed by Lakoff and Johnson, is a theory about the relationship between language and thought. This paper provides an overview of the assumptions put forward in the debates on language and thought relations. This paper also examines the hidden assumptions in various studies of metaphor and cognitive science in general. The studies also apply Conceptual Metaphor Theory to determine how the speakers think. From an analysis of the history of the debate, the assumption that the mind can be influenced by language is the initial assumption put forward by Sapir and Whorf. In Conceptual Metaphor Theory, language and thought are assumed to influence each other. Its users consistently hold assumptions in Conceptual Metaphor Theory. A review of the latest findings in cognitive science on the relationship between the perception of smell and color with language shows that the assumptions are hidden in studies that apply the Conceptual Metaphor Theory are simplistic because they presuppose the reflective relation of language to thought. The implication of the findings of cognitive science is the emergence of a need in metaphor studies to examine linguistic data and involve data and findings from other fields in cognitive science.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.26877/mf.v1i1.10694
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