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Kajian Pustaka: Potensi Kandungan Polifenol pada Sargassum sp. sebagai Alternatif Penanganan Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a degenerative disease that threat the health of world population. Generally, the treatment of this disease is using synthetic drugs which have many side effects. Polyphenols are active compounds that capable of treating degenerative diseases such as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Polyphenols are phenolic compounds (aromatic rings with hydroxyl) of the L-phenylalanine group. Several examples of polyphenol compounds are tannins, fluorotanin, flavonoids. Polyphenol compounds have the ability as antioxidants, thus widely used to improve the condition of iabetes mellitus patients. Polyphenols have the ability to supress postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting the activity of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, inhibiting glucose transport in the blood, affecting the function of pancreatic β cells, and glucose uptake tissue. Polyphenols can be found in various types of seaweed. Sargassum is one of the seaweeds with high potential to produce polyphenol compounds. The in vitro and in vivo studies of Sargassum extract have been proven to to lower the risk of diabetes. In vitro testing showed the ability of Sargassum extract to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Sargassum extract showed the ability to lower hyperglycemia of diabetes-induced rats with streptozotocin. In addition, Sargassum extract also has the potential to be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with acarbose, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the treatment efficiency.
Diabetes melitus merupakan salah satu penyakit degeneratif yang mengancam kesehatan masyarakat dunia. Pengobatan penyakit ini umumnya menggunakan obat-obat sintetik yang memiliki efek samping. Polifenol merupakan salah satu senyawa aktif yang dapat menjadi solusi alternatif untuk menangani penyakit degeneratif seperti hiperglikemia dan hiperlipidemia. Polifenol merupakan senyawa fenolik (cincin aromatik dengan hidroksil) golongan L-fenilalanin. Beberapa contoh senyawa polifenol antara lain tannin, florotanin, flavonoid. Senyawa polifenol memiliki kemampuan sebagai antioksidan sehingga banyak dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kondisi pengidap diabetes melitus. Polifenol memiliki kemampuan menekan hiperglikemia postprandial dengan cara menghambat aktivitas enzim penghidrolisis karbohidrat, menghambat transport glukosa dalam darah, mempengaruhi fungsi sel β pankreas, dan mempengaruhi jaringan uptake glukosa. Kandungan senyawa polifenol banyak ditemukan pada berbagai jenis rumput laut. Sargassum merupakan salah satu rumput laut yang memiliki potensi sebagai penghasil senyawa polifenol. Pengujian ekstrak Sargassum secara in vitro maupun in vivo terbukti memiliki kemampuan untuk memperkecil risiko diabetes. Pengujian secara in vitro menunjukkan kemampuan esktrak sargassum dalam menghambat α-amilase dan α-glukosidase. Ekstrak Sargassum memiliki kemampuan menurunkan kadar hiperglikemia pada tikus diabetes yang diinduksi diabetes dengan streptozotocin. Lebih jauh, ekstrak Sargassum juga memiliki potensi digunakan sebagai adjuvan dalam penanganan diabetes melitus dengan akarbose sehingga meningkatkan efektifitas efisiensi pengobatan.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.26877/jiphp.v5i2.8988
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